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You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. But opting out of some of these cookies may have an effect on your browsing experience. The presence of H. This was the first detection in the United States outside of quarantine. In the spring of , the tick was again detected at the index site, and later, in other counties in New Jersey, in seven other states in the eastern United States, and in Arkansas.
The hosts included six species of domestic animals, six species of wildlife, and humans. To forestall adverse consequences in humans, pets, livestock, and wildlife, several critical actions are indicated, including expanded surveillance to determine the evolving distribution of H. It is an introduced, and now established, exotic species in Australia, New Zealand, and several island nations in the western Pacific Region. Where this tick exists, it is an important vector of human and animal disease agents.
In China and Japan, it transmits the severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus SFTSV , which causes a human hemorrhagic fever 2 , and Rickettsia japonica, which causes Japanese spotted fever 3. Studies in Asia identified ticks infected with various species of Anaplasma , Babesia , Borrelia , Ehrlichia , and Rickettsia , and all of these pathogen groups circulate zoonotically in the United States 4 , 5.
In addition, parthenogenetic reproduction, a biologic characteristic of this species, allows a single introduced female tick to generate progeny without mating, thus resulting in massive host infestations.
Before , H. Mertins, U. The USDA Animal and Plant Inspection Service coordinated cooperative efforts through telephone conference calls with various local, state, and federal agricultural and public health agencies.
Through these efforts, enhanced vector and animal surveillance were implemented to detect additional tick infestations. Suspect archival specimens that were available among previously collected ticks were also examined.
Subsequent repeat collections are not reported here. From August through September , vector and animal surveillance efforts resulted in 53 reports of H. Excluding 15 reports of positive environmental sampling using flagging, dragging, or carbon dioxide traps, the remaining 38 reports reflect collection of ticks from infested host species Table 2. Surveillance efforts did not include testing the ticks or hosts for pathogens.
No cases of illness in humans or other species were reported. Concurrent reexamination of archived historical samples showed that invasion occurred years earlier. Most importantly, ticks collected from a deer in West Virginia in and a dog in New Jersey in were retrospectively identified as H.
Cooperative efforts among federal, state, and local experts from agricultural, public health, and academic institutions during the last year have documented that a tick indigenous to Asia is currently resident in several U.
The public health and agricultural impacts of the multistate introduction and subsequent domestic establishment of H. At present, there is no evidence that H. This species, however, is a potential vector of a number of important agents of human and animal diseases in the United States, including Rickettsia , Borrelia , Ehrlichia , Anaplasma , Theileria , and several important viral agents such as Heartland and Powassan viruses.
Consequently, increased tick surveillance is warranted, using standardized animal and environmental sampling methods. The findings in this report are subject to at least two limitations. First, the findings are limited by the variable surveillance methods used to identify the geographic and host distribution of H.
These methods included both passive and active surveillance. Conclusions about the geographic and host distribution might reflect the biases in the collection and submission of samples to states and USDA and the paucity of available information.
Second, the data in this report reflect the collection of specimens that were positively identified by morphology or molecular barcoding.
These represent sentinels that H. The absence of positive samples from many states and counties might reflect the absence of infestation, absence of sampling, or failure to recover the tick. Even in states where H. The biology and ecology of H.
Surveillance for H. Nowadays, it is easy to find online libraries offering those resources in creative commons zero. Comments Cancel Reply. Receive free assets, news, and resources for architecture. We respect your privacy and do not tolerate spam and will never sell, rent, lease or give away your information name, address, email, etc.
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